Where is Naqsh-e Rostam? Which kings tombs are located in this place? Nestled in the desert landscape of southern Iran is Naqsh-e Rostam, a hidden gem of ancient history. This incredible site, less known than some famous landmarks, holds secrets and stories carved into the rock over 2,000 years ago.
Imagine standing in front of tall cliffs, covered with detailed carvings and grand tombs that once held powerful Persian kings. Each carving tells a story of heroism, battles, and divine power, showcasing the might of the Achaemenid Empire, which ruled a vast area from the Mediterranean Sea to India.
At Naqsh-e Rostam, you can see the tombs of famous rulers like Darius the Great and Xerxes I. The site also features stunning Sassanian carvings that show scenes of royal victories and religious ceremonies. These artworks give us a glimpse into the life and culture of ancient Persia, a civilization that played a big role in shaping history.
But Naqsh-e Rostam is not just about grand tombs and royal carvings. It’s a place where history comes to life, where the quiet whispers of the past invite you to learn more about the people who shaped our world. Whether you love history, art, or just have a curious mind, this site offers a fascinating journey through time that is both educational and awe-inspiring.
So, come along as we explore the wonders of Naqsh-e Rostam. Keep reading to discover the mysteries and marvels of this amazing ancient site.
Naqsh-e Rostam Location
Naqsh-e Rostam is located in the Fars Province of southern Iran, about 12 kilometers northwest of the ancient city of Persepolis and near the modern town of Marvdasht.
Why It Is Called Naqsh-e Rostam?
Naqsh-e Rostam, translating to “Picture of Rostam,” gets its name from a mistaken belief in the Middle Ages. Locals thought the rock reliefs depicted the mythical hero Rostam from Persian epic literature, particularly the Shahnameh (Book of Kings). This epic hero was renowned for his incredible strength and heroic deeds.
However, the site’s carvings and tombs actually date back to the Achaemenid and Sassanian periods and feature historical figures such as Darius the Great and Xerxes I, rather than Rostam. Despite the misinterpretation, the name Naqsh-e Rostam has endured, linking the grandeur of ancient Persian rulers to the legendary status of one of Persia’s greatest mythological heroes. This blend of myth and history adds a fascinating layer to the site’s cultural significance.
Parts of Naqsh-e Rostam
Naqsh-e Rostam consists of several key parts, each significant in its own right:
- Royal Tombs;
- Naqsh-e Rostam Inscriptions;
- Ka’ba-ye Zartosht (Cube of Zoroaster).
Royal Tombs
Naqsh-e Rostam holds significant historical importance dating back to the Achaemenid period. It is renowned for housing the elaborate tombs of four Achaemenid kings. These tombs are intricately carved into the rock face of a mountain, a testament to the architectural and artistic achievements of the ancient Persians. Following Zoroastrian traditions, after the bodies of the kings were left exposed for birds to consume, their bones were collected and placed in ossuaries within the tombs. Alternatively, some bodies were mummified and interred in stone sarcophagi to prevent the ground from being contaminated.
Tomb of Xerxes I
The tomb of Xerxes I at Naqsh-e Rostam is designed in the shape of an extended cross. Above his head are prominent symbols: the Faravahar, representing Zoroastrianism, and the crescent moon, likely symbolizing the divine favor bestowed upon him. At the base of the tomb, there is a depiction of a royal throne, signifying Xerxes’ sovereignty. Carved reliefs and inscriptions surround the tomb, portraying scenes of royal authority and religious devotion. Additionally, within this tomb complex, there are two other graves presumed to belong to Xerxes’ consort, Queen “Amestris,” and his successor.
Tomb of Darius I
Construction of the tomb of Darius I commenced concurrently with the grand projects of Persepolis and the Apadana Palace in Susa. The exterior facade of Darius’ tomb mirrors that of Xerxes I, featuring the king seated on a throne carried by his subjects, with the Faravahar symbol and crescent moon above. This artistic motif likely reflects Darius’ innovation in royal iconography. Inside the tomb, besides Darius himself, there are nine additional graves whose occupants remain unidentified. Outside the tomb, inscriptions in Elamite, Old Persian, and Akkadian languages are believed to contain the king’s edicts or royal decrees.
Tomb of Artaxerxes I
Similar in architectural style to the other Achaemenid tombs at Naqsh-e Rostam, the tomb of Artaxerxes I exhibits a slightly less refined design, characterized by irregularities and asymmetries. The three graves within this tomb complex belong to Artaxerxes I, his queen consort “Damaspia,” and possibly his designated successor. The tomb’s exterior decorations likely depict scenes of royal authority and religious significance, though with less intricate detailing compared to its predecessors.
Tomb of Darius II
The interior architecture of this tomb resembles that of Artaxerxes I, suggesting a comparative lack of skill and precision in stone carving. Within the confines of this tomb, there are three distinct graves: one designated for Darius II himself, another for his queen consort, known as “Parysatis,” and a third intended for his crown prince. This arrangement underscores the familial and dynastic importance within the Achaemenid royal lineage.
These tombs not only serve as monuments to the kings and their families but also provide valuable insights into the cultural and religious practices of ancient Persia. The presence of multiple interments within the tomb complex reflects the Zoroastrian traditions and the hierarchical structure of the Achaemenid dynasty, highlighting their enduring influence on Persian history and architecture.
Inscription of Naqsh-e Rostam
Let’s discover inscriptions of Naqsh-e Rostam:
- Incomplete Inscription of Naqsh-e Rostam;
- Investiture Relief of Narseh;
- Victory Relief of Bahram II;
- Victory Relief of Shapur I;
- Victory Relief of Hormizd II;
- Battle Relief of Shapur II;
- Relief of Bahram II and His Courtiers;
- Investiture Relief of Ardashir Babakan.
Incomplete Inscription of Naqsh-e Rostam
The first notable feature at Naqsh-e Rostam is an unfinished area measuring 10 by 5 meters, likely left incomplete due to historical events. Despite this, a 20-line Persian inscription at its center reveals it was likely prepared during the late Sassanian era but holds lesser historical significance today.
Investiture Relief of Narseh
The second significant relief depicts the investiture of Narseh (294-304 CE), son of Shapur I, as ruler of Armenia. Narseh gained the throne after invading Iran and is shown in the relief receiving the royal insignia from Anahita, the goddess symbolizing water, fertility, and war.
Victory Relief of Bahram II
This relief consists of two scenes carved on separate panels: one showing Bahram II charging on horseback towards his enemies, accompanied by another rider with a sword, while a fallen Roman soldier lies beneath Bahram’s horse.
Victory Relief of Shapur I
The fourth relief, the most majestic of the Sassanian era, commemorates Shapur I’s triumph over Roman emperors. Carved deep into the mountain, it portrays Shapur I’s victory over Valerian and Philip the Arab, capturing their submission and the grandeur of the Persian king with intricate details of his attire and mounted posture.
Victory Relief of Hormizd II
Little of this relief remains, showing Hormizd II on horseback thrusting a spear at an enemy. Below, a semi-finished section possibly depicts his successor, Azarnerses.
Battle Relief of Shapur II
Positioned opposite the Zoroastrian Ka’ba and beneath Darius II’s tomb, this 7.6-meter-long relief, although somewhat damaged, depicts Shapur II in combat, thrusting a spear at a royal adversary, highlighting the detailed portrayal of the enemy.
Relief of Bahram II and His Courtiers
The oldest relief in Naqsh-e Rostam dates to the Elamite period but was later altered by Bahram II of the Sassanian dynasty. It still displays elements of its original imagery, including a king, queen, deity, and goddess, offering insights into ancient religious and royal customs.
Investiture Relief of Ardashir Babakan
The final relief at Naqsh-e Rostam portrays Ardashir I, founder of the Sassanian Empire, receiving kingship from Ahura Mazda, symbolized by an exchange of rings. Beneath their horses lie the defeated bodies of the last Parthian king and Ahriman, featuring inscriptions in Greek, Parthian Pahlavi, and Sassanian Pahlavi.
Each relief at Naqsh-e Rostam provides a window into the grandeur, victories, and religious beliefs of the Sassanian rulers, encapsulating their triumphs and ceremonial moments for posterity. These carvings not only showcase artistic mastery but also serve as historical documents, shedding light on the military prowess, dynastic politics, and religious rituals of ancient Persia.
The Ka’ba-ye Zartosht
The Ka’ba-ye Zartosht is a square stone tower whose purpose continues to be a subject of historical debate. Believed by many scholars to have served as a Zoroastrian fire temple or perhaps a royal treasury, its exact function remains ambiguous. Despite its simple architectural design, the tower’s robust construction underscores its likely ceremonial or religious importance within the ancient Persian empire. The inscriptions not only attest to its cultural significance but also provide valuable glimpses into the religious practices and royal proclamations of the Sassanian era, making it a crucial archaeological and historical site at Naqsh-e Rostam.
Learn Farsi While Visiting Naqsh-e Rostam
Are you fascinated by Iran’s rich history, vibrant culture, and the allure of its ancient languages? If so, we have exciting news for you! Immerse yourself in a unique experience in Iran with our special program designed for learning the Farsi language. Imagine exploring the magnificent Naqsh-e Rostam, an archaeological treasure trove that dates back millennia, while mastering the beautiful Persian language under the guidance of our expert teachers.
At Naqsh-e Rostam, you’ll marvel at the monumental tombs of Persian kings and the mysterious Ka’ba-ye Zartosht, all carved into towering cliffs. As you delve into the nuances of Farsi, our dedicated instructors will help you grasp the language’s intricacies, from basic conversation to deeper cultural insights. Learning Persian isn’t just about mastering grammar and vocabulary; it’s about connecting with Iran’s profound heritage and its people.
Join us in Iran for an unforgettable journey where learning the Farsi language and discovering Iran’s attractions go hand in hand. Embrace the opportunity to immerse yourself in Persian culture, deepen your understanding of its rich history, and forge lasting connections with this remarkable country. Don’t miss out—embark on your Farsi language adventure with us!
Explore Naqsh-e Rostam and Beyond in Iran!
Naqsh-e Rostam stands as a testament to Iran’s ancient splendor, offering a captivating glimpse into its royal past carved into the rocky cliffs. However, there’s much more to discover beyond these majestic tombs and inscriptions. From the grandeur of Persepolis to the tranquil gardens of Shiraz, Iran beckons with a tapestry of cultural treasures waiting to be explored.
As you plan your journey to Naqsh-e Rostam and beyond, we’re here to guide you every step of the way. If you have questions about the history etched into these ancient walls or seek insights into Persian culture and language, the GetBookOnline.com team is ready to assist. Whether you’re intrigued by the Zoroastrian mysteries of the Ka’ba-ye Zartosht or eager to unravel the stories behind each royal tomb, we offer personalized guidance and local expertise.
Contact us with any questions not addressed here or to plan your visit to Naqsh-e Rostam and other remarkable destinations in Iran. Let us be your gateway to discovering the timeless wonders of this extraordinary land.
FAQs
What are the opening hours of Naqsh-e Rostam?
Naqsh-e Rostam is generally open daily from early morning until sunset. It’s advisable to check current opening hours locally or with a travel guide due to potential seasonal variations.
Is there an entrance fee to visit Naqsh-e Rostam?
Yes, there is typically an entrance fee for visitors to enter Naqsh-e Rostam. Fees may vary depending on nationality and are subject to change.
How much time should I plan to spend at Naqsh-e Rostam?
To fully appreciate Naqsh-e Rostam and its surroundings, plan to spend at least 1-2 hours exploring the site, depending on your level of interest in history and archaeology.
What else is nearby Naqsh-e Rostam that visitors can explore?
Nearby attractions include Persepolis, Naqsh-e Rajab, Pasargadae (the tomb of Cyrus the Great), and the city of Shiraz, known for its rich cultural heritage and gardens.
